Ci gaban da aka samu a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta masu kisa (NK) sama da shekaru 50
Tun bayan rahotannin farko na lymphocytes da ke nuna kashe ƙwayoyin ciwon daji "marasa takamaiman" a shekarar 1973, fahimtar da mahimmancin ƙwayoyin cutar daji ta halitta (NK) sun ci gaba sosai. A shekarar 1975, Rolf Kiessling da abokan aikinsa a Cibiyar Karolinska sun ƙirƙiro kalmar "Kwayoyin Kisa na Halitta", suna nuna ikonsu na musamman na kai hari ga ƙwayoyin ciwon daji ba tare da an fara jin su ba.
A cikin shekaru hamsin masu zuwa, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da dama a duk duniya sun yi nazari sosai kan hakan Nk Cella cikin vitro don bayyana rawar da suke takawa wajen kare masu masaukin baki daga ciwace-ciwacen daji da ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaɗuwa, da kuma ayyukan da suke gudanarwa a cikin tsarin garkuwar jiki.
Kwayoyin NK: Kwayoyin Lymphocytes Masu Gabatarwa
Kwayoyin NK, waɗanda suka fara zama memba na dangin lymphocyte na asali, suna kare kansu daga ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar aikin guba kai tsaye da kuma fitar da cytokines da chemokines. Da farko ana kiransu da "ƙwayoyin halitta marasa komai" saboda rashin alamun gano su, ci gaban da aka samu a cikin jerin RNA na ƙwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya, kwararar cytometry, da kuma mass spectrometry sun ba da damar rarraba nau'ikan ƙwayoyin NK dalla-dalla.
Shekaru Goma na Farko (1973-1982): Gano Guba Mai Takamaiman Halittu
A ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970, an sami ci gaban gwaje-gwaje masu sauƙi a cikin vitro don auna gubar da ƙwayoyin halitta ke haifarwa. A shekarar 1974, Herberman da abokan aikinsa sun nuna cewa lymphocytes na jini na gefe daga mutane masu lafiya na iya kashe ƙwayoyin lymphoma na ɗan adam daban-daban. Kiessling, Klein, da Wigzell sun ƙara bayyana yadda ƙwayoyin ƙari ke lalata ƙwayoyin lymphocytes daga beraye marasa ciwon daji, suna mai suna wannan aikin "kisan kai na halitta."
Shekaru Goma Na Biyu (1983-1992): Halayen Halittu da Kare Kwayoyin cuta
A shekarun 1980, an mayar da hankali kan halayyar ƙwayoyin NK, wanda hakan ya haifar da gano ƙananan halittu masu ayyuka daban-daban. A shekarar 1983, masana kimiyya sun gano nau'ikan ƙwayoyin NK na ɗan adam daban-daban. Ƙarin bincike sun nuna muhimmiyar rawar da ƙwayoyin NK ke takawa wajen karewa daga ƙwayoyin herpes, wanda aka misalta shi ta hanyar majiyyaci mai fama da cututtukan herpesvirus mai tsanani saboda ƙarancin ƙwayoyin NK na kwayoyin halitta.
Shekaru Goma na Uku (1993-2002): Fahimtar Masu Karɓa da Ligands
Babban ci gaba a shekarun 1990 da farkon 2000 ya haifar da gano da kuma yin cloning na masu karɓar ƙwayoyin NK da ligands ɗinsu. Gano abubuwa kamar mai karɓar NKG2D da ligands ɗinsa da damuwa ta haifar sun kafa harsashi don fahimtar hanyoyin gane "masu canza kansu" na ƙwayoyin NK.
Shekarun Kashi na Huɗu (2003-2012): Ƙwaƙwalwar NK da Lasisi
Sabanin ra'ayoyin gargajiya, bincike a shekarun 2000 ya nuna cewa ƙwayoyin NK na iya nuna martani kamar ƙwaƙwalwa. Masu bincike sun nuna cewa ƙwayoyin NK na iya shiga tsakani kan martanin da suka shafi antigen da kuma haɓaka wani nau'in "ƙwaƙwalwa" kamar ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki masu daidaitawa. Bugu da ƙari, ra'ayin "lasisi" na ƙwayoyin NK ya bayyana, yana bayanin yadda hulɗa da ƙwayoyin MHC na kansu zai iya haɓaka amsawar ƙwayoyin NK.
Shekarun Biyar (2013-Yanzu): Aikace-aikacen Asibiti da Bambancin
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ci gaban fasaha ya haifar da binciken ƙwayoyin NK. Tsarin cytometry na taro da jerin RNA na ƙwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya sun nuna bambancin yanayin halittu tsakanin ƙwayoyin NK. A asibiti, ƙwayoyin NK sun nuna alƙawarin magance cututtukan jini, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar amfani da ƙwayoyin CD19 CAR-NK masu fama da cutar lymphoma a cikin 2020.
Abubuwan Da Za Su Faru Nan Gaba: Tambayoyi Mara Amsawa da Sabbin Hangen Nesa
Yayin da bincike ke ci gaba, tambayoyi da dama masu ban sha'awa sun rage. Ta yaya ƙwayoyin NK ke samun ƙwaƙwalwar da ta shafi antigen? Za a iya amfani da ƙwayoyin NK don sarrafa cututtukan da ke ɗauke da cutar kansa? Ta yaya za mu iya shawo kan ƙalubalen da yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa don kunna ƙwayoyin NK yadda ya kamata? Shekaru hamsin masu zuwa suna alƙawarin abubuwan ban sha'awa da ba a zata ba a cikin ilimin halittar ƙwayoyin NK, suna ba da sabbin dabarun magani don cutar kansa da Cututtukan da ke Yaɗuwa.