Kupita Patsogolo kwa Maselo Opha Zachilengedwe (NK) Kwa Zaka Zoposa 50

Kuyambira pomwe malipoti oyamba a ma lymphocyte omwe akuwonetsa kuphedwa kwa maselo a chotupa "osalunjika" mu 1973, kumvetsetsa ndi kufunika kwa maselo a Natural Killer (NK) kwasintha kwambiri. Mu 1975, Rolf Kiessling ndi anzake ku Karolinska Institute adapanga mawu akuti "Natural Killer", kuwonetsa kuthekera kwawo kwapadera koukira maselo a chotupa popanda kuzindikira kale.

M'zaka makumi asanu zikubwerazi, ma laboratories ambiri padziko lonse lapansi aphunzira zambiri Nk Cells mu vitro kuti afotokoze udindo wawo pa chitetezo cha mthupi ku zotupa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso ntchito zawo zowongolera mkati mwa chitetezo cha mthupi.

Maselo a NK: Ma Lymphocyte Oyambirira Obadwa Nawo

Maselo a NK, omwe ndi mamembala oyamba odziwika bwino a banja la lymphocyte lobadwa nalo, amateteza ku zotupa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kudzera mu ntchito yowopsa ya cytotoxic komanso kutulutsa ma cytokines ndi chemokines. Poyamba ankatchedwa "maselo opanda kanthu" chifukwa chosowa zizindikiro zodziwika, kupita patsogolo kwa sequencing ya single-cell RNA, flow cytometry, ndi mass spectrometry kwalola kugawa mwatsatanetsatane ma subtypes a maselo a NK.

Zaka Khumi Zoyamba (1973-1982): Kupeza Kuopsa Kosakhudzana ndi Cytotoxicity

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 kunayamba kupangidwa njira zosavuta zoyezera poizoni wa maselo. Mu 1974, Herberman ndi anzake adawonetsa kuti ma lymphocyte am'magazi ochokera kwa anthu athanzi amatha kupha maselo osiyanasiyana a lymphoma a anthu. Kiessling, Klein, ndi Wigzell adafotokozanso za kupangika kwa maselo a chotupa mwangozi ndi ma lymphocyte ochokera ku mbewa zopanda chotupa, ndikutcha izi "kupha mwachilengedwe."

Zaka khumi Zachiwiri (1983-1992): Kufotokozera za Phenotypic ndi Chitetezo cha Viral

M'zaka za m'ma 1980, chidwi chinasamukira ku mawonekedwe a maselo a NK, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti anthu azizindikira magulu ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Pofika mu 1983, asayansi anali atapeza magulu osiyanasiyana a maselo a NK a anthu. Kafukufuku wowonjezera anasonyeza kuti maselo a NK ndi ofunika kwambiri poteteza mavairasi a herpes, omwe adawonetsedwa ndi wodwala yemwe ali ndi matenda oopsa a herpesvirus chifukwa cha kusowa kwa maselo a NK m'majini.

Zaka Khumi Zachitatu (1993-2002): Kumvetsetsa Zolandira ndi Ma Ligand

Kupita patsogolo kwakukulu m'zaka za m'ma 1990 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 kunapangitsa kuti ma receptor a NK cell ndi ma ligand awo azizindikirike ndi kupangidwanso. Zinthu monga NKG2D receptor ndi ma ligand ake omwe amayambitsidwa ndi kupsinjika maganizo zinakhazikitsa maziko omvetsetsa njira zodzizindikiritsira za maselo a NK "omwe adasinthidwa".

Zaka khumi zachinayi (2003-2012): Kukumbukira ndi Kupereka Zilolezo ku NK Cell

Mosiyana ndi malingaliro akale, kafukufuku wa m'zaka za m'ma 2000 anasonyeza kuti maselo a NK amatha kusonyeza mayankho ofanana ndi kukumbukira. Ofufuza anasonyeza kuti maselo a NK amatha kuthandizira mayankho enieni a antigen ndikupanga mawonekedwe a "kukumbukira" ofanana ndi maselo odziteteza osinthika. Kuphatikiza apo, lingaliro la "kupatsa chilolezo" maselo a NK linabuka, kufotokoza momwe kuyanjana ndi mamolekyulu a MHC okha kungathandizire kuyankha kwa maselo a NK.

Zaka Zachisanu (2013-Pakadali Pano): Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zachipatala ndi Kusiyanasiyana

M'zaka khumi zapitazi, kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo kwapangitsa kuti pakhale kafukufuku wa maselo a NK. Kuchuluka kwa maselo a NK ndi kusanthula kwa maselo a NK kwawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maselo a NK. Mwachipatala, maselo a NK awonetsa chiyembekezo chochiza khansa ya m'magazi, monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino maselo a CD19 CAR-NK mwa odwala a lymphoma mu 2020.

Ziyembekezo Zamtsogolo: Mafunso Osayankhidwa ndi Maonekedwe Atsopano

Pamene kafukufuku akupitirira, mafunso angapo osangalatsa akupitirirabe. Kodi maselo a NK amapeza bwanji kukumbukira kwa antigen? Kodi maselo a NK angagwiritsidwe ntchito poletsa matenda odziteteza okha? Kodi tingagonjetse bwanji mavuto omwe amadza chifukwa cha chotupa kuti tiyambe kugwira ntchito bwino maselo a NK? Zaka makumi asanu zikubwerazi zikulonjeza kupeza zinthu zosangalatsa komanso zosayembekezereka mu biology ya maselo a NK, kupereka njira zatsopano zochiritsira khansa ndi Matenda Opatsirana.